login(1)

НАЗВАНИЕ
login - начинает сеанс в системе

СИНТАКСИС

login [-p] [-h host] [username] [ENV=VAR...]

login [-p] [-h host] -f username

login [-p] -r host

ОПИСАНИЕ

The login program is used to establish a new session with the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the login: prompt on the user's terminal. login may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub-process. When called from a shell, login should be executed as exec login which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to execute login from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message.

The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before login exits and the communications link is severed.

If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to passwd(1) for more information.

After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message file, /etc/motd, by creating a zero-length file .hushlogin in your login directory. The mail message will be one of "You have new mail.", "You have mail.", or "No Mail." according to the condition of your mailbox.

Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the /etc/passwd file. The value for $HOME, $SHELL, $PATH, $LOGNAME, and $MAIL are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field.

On some installations, the environmental variable $TERM will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in /etc/ttytype.

Также может быть выполнен сценарий инициализации пользовательского интерпретатора команд. Подробней об этой функции смотрите соответствующую справочную страницу.

Субсистемный вход в систему можно распознать по наличию символа «*» в начале регистрационной оболочки. Заданный домашний каталог будет использован как корень новой файловой системы, в которой регистрируется пользователь.

The login program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of getty(8) and init(8) to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session. If you use login from the shell prompt without exec, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession".

ПАРАМЕТРЫ

-f
    Не выполнять аутентификацию, пользователь уже прошёл проверку.

    Note: in that case, username is mandatory.

-h
    Имя удалённого узла, на который нужно войти.

-p
    Сохранить окружение.

The -r, -h and -f options are only used when login is invoked by root.

ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ

This version of login has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site.

Расположение файлов может отличаться на разных системах.

The login program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of getty(8) and init(8) to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session. If you use login from the shell prompt without exec, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession".

As with any program, login's appearance can be faked. If non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack.

НАСТРОЙКА

The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool:

CONSOLE (string)
    If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices.

    If not defined, root will be allowed on any device.

    The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix.

CONSOLE_GROUPS (string)
    List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console.

DEFAULT_HOME (boolean)
    Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default is no.

    If set to yes, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory.

ENV_HZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login. The value must be preceded by HZ=. A common value on Linux is HZ=100.

ENV_PATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /bin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/bin:/usr/bin.

ENV_SUPATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin.

ENV_TZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by TZ= (for example TZ=CST6CDT), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example /etc/tzname).

    If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use TZ=CST6CDT.

ENVIRON_FILE (string)
    If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. Every line should be in the form name=value.

    Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored.

ERASECHAR (number)
    Terminal ERASE character (010 = backspace, 0177 = DEL).

    The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value.

FAIL_DELAY (number)
    Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure.

FAILLOG_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable logging and display of /var/log/faillog login failure info.

FAKE_SHELL (string)
    If set, login will execute this shell instead of the users' shell specified in /etc/passwd.

FTMP_FILE (string)
    If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format.

HUSHLOGIN_FILE (string)
    If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home directory.

ISSUE_FILE (string)
    If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt.

KILLCHAR (number)
    Terminal KILL character (025 = CTRL/U).

    The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value.

LASTLOG_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info.

LOGIN_RETRIES (number)
    Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password.

LOGIN_STRING (string)
    The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated.

    If the string contains %s, this will be replaced by the user's name.

LOGIN_TIMEOUT (number)
    Max time in seconds for login.

LOG_OK_LOGINS (boolean)
    Enable logging of successful logins.

LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded.

    Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her password instead of her login name.

MAIL_CHECK_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login.

    You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail ("mailx -e" or equivalent).

MAIL_DIR (string)
    The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a compile-time default is used. The parameter CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL in /etc/default/useradd determines whether the mail spool should be created.

MAIL_FILE (string)
    Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory.

The MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables are used by useradd, usermod, and userdel to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool.

If MAIL_CHECK_ENAB is set to yes, they are also used to define the MAIL environment variable.

MOTD_FILE (string)
    If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login.

NOLOGINS_FILE (string)
    If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited.

PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable checking of time restrictions specified in /etc/porttime.

QUOTAS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable setting of resource limits from /etc/limits and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field.

TTYGROUP (string), TTYPERM (number)
    The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the TTYGROUP group, and the permissions will be set to TTYPERM.

    TTYGROUP can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier.

    If TTYGROUP is not defined, then the group ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group. If TTYPERM is not defined, then the permissions are set to 0600.

    If you have a write program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600.

TTYTYPE_FILE (string)
    If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01".

ULIMIT (number)
    Default ulimit value.

UMASK (number)
    The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022.

    useradd and newusers use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if HOME_MODE is not set.

    It is also used by login to define users' initial umask. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if QUOTAS_ENAB is set) or by the specification of a limit with the K identifier in limits(5).

USERGROUPS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name.

    If set to yes, userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name of the user.

ФАЙЛЫ

/var/run/utmp
    содержит список работающих сеансов в системе

/var/log/wtmp
    содержит список завершённых сеансов работы с системой

/etc/passwd
    содержит информацию о пользователях

/etc/shadow
    содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях

/etc/motd
    содержит системные сообщения за день

/etc/nologin
    при существовании файла блокируется доступ в систему обычным пользователям

/etc/ttytype
    содержит список типов терминалов

$HOME/.hushlogin
    при существовании файла системные сообщения при входе в систему не выводятся

/etc/login.defs
    содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей

СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ

mail(1), passwd(1), sh(1), su(1), login.defs(5), nologin(5), passwd(5), securetty(5), getty(8).